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medical ethics

Aggressive Medical Treatment- A Crisis Point for the Family Caregiver

Family caregivers of an elder with serious health conditions can often be made to feel that they must assist the elder in obtaining aggressive medical treatment for worsening conditions. In the USA, the use of aggressive medical treatment for patients in the final months of life is increasing significantly. 1

Are the physicians who recommend aggressive medical treatment near the end of life generally helping the elder or are the outcomes of aggressive treatment generally undesirable?

Studies find undesirable outcomes

According to studies published by Medicare News Group 2 and by the Journal of the American Medical Association, JAMA 3, aggressive medical treatment for Medicare patients at the end of life has been on the increase with more people receiving care in intensive care units and more people being shuffled between hospital, home and skilled nursing care in the final months of life.

Unfortunately, according to the same studies, it appears that aggressive medical care is not helping the people who receive it live longer or enjoy a better quality of life than people who receive more conservative treatment. Consumer Reports 4 has reported that “too much healthcare” can actually shorten a person’s life.

In fact, aggressive treatment can cause stress and pain for the elder and for the family caring for that elder. Consumer Reports notes that families who have lost loved ones after aggressive treatments often say they regret not having recognized sooner that treatment was not beneficial, and adjusting plans and expectations accordingly.

How do physicians fit into this problematic puzzle?

Some experts note that fee for service Medicare rules can lead physicians to pursue more treatment because fees are paid per service. This idea may have some validity, but it may be more illuminating to look at physicians’ attitudes towards aggressive care in general.

Interestingly, a new study from Stanford School of Medicine 5 and a recent poll on the physician social media site SERMO 6 both indicate that regarding their own medical care, physicians would very rarely choose aggressive treatment, but for their patients facing the same prognosis, they tend to pursue aggressive treatment.

The Stanford study noted that advanced healthcare directives had little impact on aggressive treatment even though, “more than 80 percent of patients say that they wish to avoid hospitalizations and high-intensity care at the end of life.”

Finding the Physician’s Blind Spot

Physicians have a laser focus on diagnoses and treatment of disease, but this laser focus can also cause a major blind spot. A whole person is much more than his or her body’s condition or disease, and yet in the medical treatment process, the person can be “lost” in favor of a focus on a  particular physical condition.

Physicians are trained to provide technical services based on specific and technically definable perimeters. They are not trained or paid to deeply examine a patient’s personal life philosophy, personal history and life experience, emotional life, cultural influences, spiritual beliefs, or family and personal relationships.

To put it another way, what doctors know about a patient may represent very little of what a patient may consider to be essential to “who they are.”

In this context it makes sense that a physician, who knows herself as a whole person, would choose less aggressive treatment for herself and pursue more aggressive treatment for her patient, whom she knows primarily as a condition or disease. This outcome is probably unrelated to whether or not the physician is a caring or compassionate person and is rather a result of the constraints of time, function and capacity.

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What can families do?

Firstly, patients and their families need to recognize the limitations of physicians and medical systems in general. These systems and professionals do not have a complete understanding of patients’ personal lives and issues.

When faced with significant medical decisions, it is essential to seek out as much family, friend, professional and spiritual support as is needed.

Taking the time to draft a well considered Advanced Directive for Health Care (ADHC) is a key step. Realize most “check the box” ADHC forms pertain solely to life support and tube feeding. Preferences regarding other aggressive medical treatment must be written out separately. Therefore, multiple conversations will probably be needed with a primary care provider as well as other medical specialists to draft an effective document.   

Discussing the ADHC with the persons who may act as authorized representatives is essential.  The representative must understand the principles and desires outlined in the ADHC as issues may arise in practice that are not directly addressed in the document. Choosing a representative who has the mental and emotional maturity and capacity to be an effective advocate is also extremely important.

Having an authorized representative who can successfully advocate for the principles of the ADHC to be followed may be as important as the ADHC document itself.

Anne Conrad-AntovilleAnne Conrad-Antoville has worked with hundreds of families regarding senior healthcare issues and is CEO and a founder of Champion Advocates LLC, a geriatric case management firm serving elders is Portland, Oregon and  family caregivers across the USA and Canada.

References

Changes in End-of-Life Care Over the Past Decade:More Not Better  Grace Jenq, MD; Mary E. Tinetti, MD; JAMA.

The Cost and Quality Conundrum of American End-of-Life Care Medicare News Group, (reprinted by HealthManagement.org

Change in End-of-Life Care for Medicare Beneficiaries; Site of Death, Place of Care, and Health Care Transitions in 2000, 2005, and 2009, JAMA

Too much treatment? Aggressive medical care can lead to more pain with no gain Consumer Reports

Most physicians would forgo aggressive treatment for themselves at the end of life, study finds Stanford Medicine News Center

6 How Doctors Die: Only 7% Choose Extraordinary Measures; SERMO

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Champion Advocates Supports New Medicare ACP Coverage

Champion Advocates LLC geriatric case management services endorses the plans announced in July 2015 for Medicare to reimburse medical providers for having Advance Care Planning conversations with their patients.

Champion Advocates LLC joins numerous other organizations that have called for this proposed change, including: AARP, Alzheimer’s Association, American Geriatrics Society, American College of Physicians, American Medical Association, American Nursing Association, Gerontological Society of America, National Academy of Elder Law Attorneys, National Alliance for Caregiving, National Council on Aging, National Partnership for Women & Families, The Pew Charitable Trusts, among many others.

Dr. Patrick Conway, the chief medical officer for the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid, which administers Medicare stated in a July 8 New York Times article, “We think that today’s proposal supports individuals and families who wish to have the opportunity to discuss advance care planning with their physician and care team.”

Dr. Conway clarified that the proposal will not limit the number of conversations to be reimbursed to qualified medical professionals.

“The reality is these conversations, their length can vary based on patients’ needs,” he said. “Sometimes, they’re short conversations – the person has thought about it. Sometimes, they’re a much longer conversation. Sometimes, they’re a series of conversations.”

As reported by the Associated Press, “Medicare is using a relatively new term for end-of-life counseling: advance care planning. That’s meant to reflect expert advice that people should make their wishes known about end-of-life care at different stages of their lives, as early as when they get a driver’s license.”

Even though some private insurers have been providing reimbursement for Advance Care Planning, this new rule change would open these meaningful conversations to almost 55 million Medicare beneficiaries. According to The Kaiser Family Foundation, about three-quarters of the people who die each year in the US are 65 and older, making Medicare the largest insurer at the end of life.

Christian Sinclair, MD and Assistant Professor of Palliative Medicine Division Internal Medicine Department at the University of Kansas Medical Center, Sinclair is one of the leading US authorities on palliative care and advance directives and was on a national committee that last year produced a report called “Dying in America.”

The Kansas Health Institute news service reflected Dr. Sinclair’s enthusiasm for Medicare to cover advance care planning, as other private insurers are likely to follow. “That’s important,” Sinclair said, “because Medicare primarily covers Americans age 65 and older. Making decisions about resuscitation and living on feeding tubes or ventilators is something everyone should do once they’re mature enough to understand the choices,” he said.

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Last year’s National Academy of Sciences’ report titled “Dying in America” clearly summarized that, “As much as people may want and expect to be in control of decisions about their own care throughout their lives, numerous factors can work against that desire. Many people nearing the end of life are not physically or cognitively able to make their own care decisions. It is often difficult to recognize or identify when the end of life is approaching, making clinician-patient communication and advance care planning particularly important.”

The report further outlines, “Advance care planning conversations often do not take place because patients, family members, and clinicians each wait for the other to initiate them. Understanding that advance care planning can reduce confusion and guilt among family members forced to make decisions about care can be sufficient motivations for ill individuals to make their wishes clear. Yet even when these important conversations have occurred and family members are confident that they know what the dying person wishes, making those decisions is emotionally difficult, and families need assistance and support in this role.”

Since its formation, Champion Advocates LLC has been focusing on end of life conversations as one of our core areas of care planning to support an older individual or couple’s ability to aging in place in their own home. Routinely, we discover elders may have documented advance healthcare directives but with no practical or specific understanding as to what life sustaining measures they would actually desire when unable to speak for him or herself at a critical time.

We view this proposed Medicare change to be a good initial step for older persons considering what medical actions they would want to have performed, including the potential ramifications (positive and negative) from such procedures. Therefore, advanced directives will have more worthwhile meaning for everyone involved.

Champion Advocates recognizes that the next significant, yet more complicated, step is to ensure that agreed upon actions are timely and properly taken by creating a process whereby the patient, the medical provider and the designated healthcare agent are all on the same page before the end of the patient’s life is ever confronted.

In a future posting, we will will continue this topic by distinguishing the purpose and effectiveness of Advance Health Care Directives and the Physician’s Orders for Life Sustaining Treatment (POLST).

© Anthony Antoville 2015

Anthony Antoville is Care Manager, Certified and COO of Champion Advocates LLC in Portland, Oregon providing geriatric case management services. Anthony is a published expert on long-term care with Edwin Mellen Press and co-created the Action-Compassion!Technique as an innovative approach to geriatric case management. Currently, he serves on the State Plan for Alzheimer’s Disease in Oregon (SPADO) Taskforce to Optimize Quality Care and Efficiency.

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Pets: Mirroring Our Care and Our Fear

“Arthritis – How diet, supplements and alternative therapies can ease those aching joints; How to Care for Your ‘Super Senior’; Catching Cancer Early; Chiropractic Care for Your Senior.”

What reader is this table of contents written for?

Apparently, a popular pet magazine has keyed into our Western obsession with wellness and longevity. It appears to be encouraging us to transfer this obsession onto our pets. If it were not for the cover picture and the magazine’s title, I could very well have been looking at a periodical geared for the non-pet owning reader.

Eventually, some of the article titles returned me to the reality of the subject at hand: “Protect Your Dog’s Joints; Cognitive Dysfunction in Cats; Pancreatitis in Dogs and Cats.”

Now, don’t get me wrong. I have loved and cared for animals all of my adult life and have seen these animals as members of my family. I feed my cats the best foods that I can discern from reviewing nutritional content and food sources. When my Shepard-lab mix suffered from hip dysphasia in his mid-teens, I improved his bed, gave him a daily glucosamine chondroitin supplement and even cared for him through bouts of incontinence until he could no longer easily walk.

Clearly, we need to care for the animals that are dependent upon us to thrive and survive, but have we taken our society’s obsession for longevity too far by imposing it onto our family pets?

Is our fear of disease and death causing our pets to live with conditions and undergo therapies and surgeries primarily to make us feel better about ourselves?

Some parents suggest affixing a kids GPS device to the belt loop on the back side of your child’s free sample viagra pants. Many of men feel hesitate on buying viagra from canadian pharmacies from physical pharmacy store. Urology has various branches, such as endourology, where the urologist performs minor surgeries, neurourology, which covers order cialis the nervous system as it secretes lipase, amylase, and protease. Kamagra is also very effective in inhibiting PDE5 enzymes and lead to healthy erection of the penis. generic cialis 20mg In the book, Withrow & MacEwen’s Small Animal Clinical Oncology (Fourth Edition); the authors reveal that cancer in pets is on the rise due to increased longevity in pets. Furthermore, cancer treatments for pets are on the rise due to increased demand from pet owners, who are largely driven by media on the subject. The authors clearly state, “Pet animals with spontaneously developing cancer provide an excellent opportunity to study many aspects of cancer from etiology to treatment.” They further outline fifteen superior opportunities for studying human cancer and treatment through treatment of pets, over laboratory studies of mice and rats.* Therefore we might ask, Who is really benefitting here?

Pets are a primary connection between us and the natural world of animals and other forms of life. How do our societal obsessions affect our relationships with the natural world and to our own natural cycles of life? How far out of control have our fears become?

© Anthony Antoville 2014

Anthony Antoville is COO of Champion Advocates LLC in Portland, Oregon. He has been serving a wide range of elder needs since 1991. Anthony is a published author with The Edwin Mellen Press.

*Introduction: Why Worry About Cancer in Pets? Withrow & MacEwen’s Small Animal Clinical Oncology (Fourth Edition) Edited by: Stephen J. Withrow, DVM, DACVS, DACVIM (Oncology), and David M. Vail, DVM, DACVIM (Oncology)

Animal Wellness Magazine Vol 16 Issue 4

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